Bangladesh Facts, History, and Geography

Bangladesh is often associated with flooding, cyclones, and famine, and the low-lying country is among the most vulnerable to the threat of rising sea levels due to global warming. However, this densely populated nation on the Ganges/Brahmaputra/Meghna Delta is an innovator in the development and is quickly pulling its people up out of poverty. Although the modern state of Bangladesh gained independence from Pakistan only in 1971, the cultural roots of the Bengali people run deep into the past. Capital Dhaka, population 20,3 million (2019 estimate, CIA World Factbook) Major Cities Chittagong, 4.9 millionKhulna, 963.000Rajshahi, 893,000 Bangladeshs Government The Peoples Republic of Bangladesh is a parliamentary democracy, with the president as chief of state and prime minister as head of government.  The president is elected to a five-year term and may serve two terms total. All citizens over 18 years of age can vote. The unicameral parliament is called the Jatiya Sangsad; its 300 members also serve five-year terms. The president officially appoints the prime minister, but he or she must be the representative of the majority coalition in parliament. The current president is Abdul Hamid. Bangladeshs prime minister is Sheikh Hasina. Population of Bangladesh Bangladesh is home to approximately 159,000,000  people, giving this Iowa-sized nation the eighth highest population in the world. Bangladesh groans under a population density of about 3,300 per square mile. Population growth has slowed dramatically, however, thanks to a fertility rate that has fallen from 6.33 live births per adult woman in 1975 to 2.15 in 2018, which is replacement-rate fertility. Bangladesh also is experiencing net out-migration. Ethnic Bengalis make up 98 percent of the population. The remaining 2 percent is divided among small tribal groups along the Burmese border and Bihari immigrants. Languages The official language of Bangladesh is Bangla, also known as Bengali. English also is commonly used in urban areas. Bangla is an Indo-Aryan language descended from Sanskrit. It has a unique script, also based on Sanskrit. Some non-Bengali Muslims in Bangladesh speak Urdu as their primary tongue.  Literacy rates in Bangladesh are improving as the poverty rate falls, but still, only 76 percent of men and 70 percent of women are literate, as of 2017. Those aged 15–24, though, have a literacy rate of 92 percent, according to UNESCO. Religion in Bangladesh The predominant religion in Bangladesh is Islam, with 89% of the population adhering to that faith. Among Bangladeshi Muslims, 92 percent are Sunni, and 2 percent Shia; only a fraction of 1 percent are Ahmadiyyas. (Some didnt specify.) Hindus are the largest minority religion in Bangladesh, at 10% of the population. There are also tiny minorities (less than 1%) of Christians, Buddhists, and animists. Geography Bangladesh is blessed with deep, rich, and fertile soil, a gift from the three major rivers that form the deltaic plain upon which it sits. The Ganges, Brahmaputra, and Meghna Rivers all wend their way down from the Himalayas, carrying nutrients to replenish Bangladeshs fields. This luxury comes at a heavy cost, however. Bangladesh is almost entirely flat, and except for some hills along the Burmese border, it almost entirely at sea level. As a result, the country is regularly flooded by the rivers, by tropical cyclones off the Bay of Bengal, and by tidal bores. Bangladesh is bordered by India all around it, except a short border with Burma (Myanmar) in the southeast. Climate of Bangladesh The climate in Bangladesh is tropical and monsoonal. In the dry season, from October to March, temperatures are mild and pleasant. The weather turns hot and muggy from March to June, awaiting the monsoon rains. From June to October, the skies open and drop most of the countrys total annual rainfall, as much as 224 inches per year (6,950 mm). As mentioned, Bangladesh often suffers from flooding and cyclone strikes—an average of 16 cyclones hit per decade. In 1998, flooding struck due to an unusual melt-off of Himalayan glaciers, covering two-thirds of Bangladesh with floodwater, and in 2017, hundreds of villages were submerged, and tens of thousands of people were displaced by two months of monsoon flooding. Economy Bangladesh is a developing country, with per capita GDP of just about $4,200 U.S. per year as of 2017. Nevertheless, the economy is growing rapidly, with a roughly 6% annual growth rate from 2005 to 2017. Although manufacturing and services are increasing in importance, almost half of the Bangladeshi workers are employed in agriculture. Most factories and enterprises are owned by the government and tend to be inefficient. One important source of income for Bangladesh has been workers remittances from the oil-rich Gulf states such as Saudi Arabia and the UAE. Bangladeshi workers sent $13 billion U.S. home in FISCAL YEAR 2016–2017. History of Bangladesh For centuries, the area that is now Bangladesh was part of the Bengal region of India. It was ruled by the same empires that ruled central India, from the Maurya (321–184 BCE) to the Mughal (1526–1858 CE). When the British took control of the region and created their Raj in India (1858–1947), Bangladesh was included. During the negotiations surrounding independence and the partition of British India, predominantly Muslim Bangladesh was separated from majority-Hindu India. In the Muslim Leagues 1940 Lahore Resolution, one of the demands was that the majority-Muslim sections of the Punjab and Bengal would be included in Muslim states, rather than remaining with India. After communal violence broke out in India, some politicians suggested that a unified Bengali state would be a better solution. This idea was vetoed by the Indian National Congress, led by the Mahatma Gandhi. At the end, when British India gained its independence in August 1947, the Muslim section of Bengal became a non-contiguous part of the new nation of Pakistan. It was called East Pakistan. East Pakistan was in an odd position, separated from Pakistan proper by a 1,000-mile stretch of India. It was also divided from the main body of Pakistan by ethnicity and language; Pakistanis are primarily Punjabi and Pashtun, as opposed to the Bengali East Pakistanis.   For 24 years, East Pakistan struggled under financial and political neglect from West Pakistan. Political unrest was endemic in the region, as military regimes repeatedly overthrew democratically elected governments. Between 1958 and 1962, and from 1969 to 1971, East Pakistan was under martial law. In the parliamentary elections of 1970–71, East Pakistans separatist Awami League won every single seat allocated to the East. Talks between the two Pakistans failed, and on March 27, 1971, Sheikh Mujibar Rahman declared Bangladeshi independence from Pakistan. The Pakistani Army fought to stop the secession, but India sent troops to support the Bangladeshis. On January 11, 1972, Bangladesh became an independent parliamentary democracy. Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was the first leader of Bangladesh, from 1972 until his assassination in 1975. The current prime minister, Sheikh Hasina Wajed, is his daughter.  The political situation in Bangladesh is still volatile and has included free and fair elections, but recent persecution of political dissent by the state raised concerns about how the 2018 elections would go. The election held on December 30, 2018 returned a landslide for the ruling party, but garnered several episodes of violence against opposition leaders and accusations of vote rigging. Sources and Further Information Bangladesh. CIA World Factbook. Langley: Central Intelligence Agency, 2019.  Ganguly, Sumit. The World Should Be Watching Bangladesh’s Election Debacle. The Guardian, January 7, 2019.  Raisuddin, Ahmed, Steven Haggblade, and Tawfiq-e-Elahi, Chowdhury, eds. Out of the Shadow of Famine: Evolving Food Markets and Food Policy in Bangladesh. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins Press, 2000.  Van Schendel, Willem. A History of Bangladesh. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2009.

Banning The Freedom Of The Press - 897 Words

Although some may consider these books controversial or inappropriate, many English classes have required us to read these books. Like the teachers that assigned us these books, I believe that even controversial books can ultimately boost, not deter, our educational wealth. I oppose book banning for three main reasons. First, I believe that education should be open to everyone. Everyone should have an opportunity to read any literature of their choosing and form his or her own opinions based on the reading. Micah Issitt lists three basic rights covered under the freedom of the press: the right to publish, the right to confidentiality of sources, and the right of citizens to access the products of the press. My second reason specifically addresses the last right stating that citizens should have access to the press. The government should not restrict books from being published or interfere into personal affairs as this is an infringement of the First Amendment. Finally, I believe that parents should monitor what their own children read, but not have the authority to ban other children from reading these novels. For these reasons, I conclude that the government should play no role in the issue what citizens do and do not read, and that book restriction should remain a solely private matter. hile I agree that parents should play an active role in educating their children and as their primary guardians, have the legal right to monitor what their children read, I disagree thatShow MoreRelatedBooks Like The Harry Potter Series, Go Ask Alice, Or The Hunger Games1417 Words   |  6 Pagesconcerned parents between 2000 and 2009 (LibGuides 3) Banning these books places an authoritarian outlook on our school systems and freedom to read in America. An authoritarian government places restrictions on citizen’s freedoms in return for power over their country. By restricting children’s right to read, one is also restricting their First Amendment rights. 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Entrepreneurship Essay Example For Students

Entrepreneurship Essay A Balanced Economic StateTwo main economic systems have been developed since the Industrial Revolution, these are Capitalism and Socialism. Both systems have advantages and disadvantages, this essay will explain these, and also give my proposals for a mixed system for the whole society of the United Kingdom. CapitalismCapitalism generally started as an economic system in the United Kingdom at the time of the Industrial Revolution. The basic explanation of Capitalism would be to say that the economy is left to its own devices with no Government intervention. A Capitalist economy is a market economy where all economic decision making is decentralised, and the Government will only supply national defence, administer justice and provide certain public works. The goods that are provided in a Capitalist economy are decided by individuals who choose how to use their labour and spend their income. All resources are privately owned and will only be used for obtaining the highest profit. Advantages of CapitalismThere are many advantages to a Capitalist economic system which could make it very appealing to society. The system allows the powers of market forces to operate which in turn gives the consumer a wider range of goods and services. Also because producers are always seeking the highest profit they must try to please the consumer and win their custom. This leads to innovation and greater quality and variety. The firms which produce the correct goods and services will win custom and make profit, those which dont will go out of business and therefore release their resources to the successful firms. This will lead to the expansion of the economy and greater prosperity. In summing up the advantages, it is clear to see that the consumer has the power to dictate the goods in the economy. Disadvantages of CapitalismAs discussed in the advantages of Capitalism the consumer has all the power in the economy. However individuals purchasing power is drastically unequal because of the inequality of wealth within the economy. This is due to the fact that some people will always be able to work harder, be more innovative and be more talented than others, and therefore be more profitable and promote themselves higher in the economy whilst others will fail. Because of the inequality of wealth in a truly Capitalist society with no Government welfare great poverty will occur. This will lead to homelessness, slums, disease, etc. Forced migration will also increase these problems in large cities and towns. The people who cannot make any money in the countryside will move to the towns and cities with the belief of finding work and making money. In reality they will just add to the ever growing population of the poor classes. In a Capitalist society the rich get richer and the poor stay poor. In the end this will lead to great unrest and low morale in the society. SocialismSocialism or Communism is the result of a planned economy. In this type of economy all the resources are owned by the state, and wealth is divided equally. The state will plan what is needed to be produced to cope with the societies demands, and how to distribute goods. Socialism emerged in response to the great inequality produced through Capitalism during the 1800s, and there were three main theories which people believed would solve the Capitalist societys problems, they were:Democratic Socialism Socialism through peaceful reform. Revolutionary Socialism Revolting against the existing system to achieve Socialism. This theory was put forward by Karl Marx who said that the proletariat will take control of the factories. This means the down trodden working class in the Capitalist society will revolt against their employers and form a Communist state, where people will work for each other to provide equality. Anarchists This theory involves rejecting Government authority and living in small groups or communes with no Government influence. In 1917 the first major Socialist revolution occurred, this was in Russia and led to the birth of the Soviet Union. Since then Socialism has spread to other countries, such as China and Cuba and in 1988 included about one third of the worlds population. However the Soviet Union has collapsed and split into independent states, which are all trying to move to a more Capitalist society, but other countries are still Socialist. Advantages of SocialismTheoretically wealth is distributed equally in a Socialist society and jobs are provided for everyone, even though some are not productive. This provides personal security. Also because the economy is planned the amount of goods and services which are needed are forecast in advance, this should meet necessary demand. Disadvantages of SocialismSocialism is a very idealistic theory and, as proved in many examples, such as the Soviet Union, doesnt always follow all the rules of pure Socialism and therefore creates many disadvantages. For a start wealth isnt always distributed equally, the rulers of the state will live in luxury while others will not. The economy will also suffer from excessive amounts of bureaucracy and will be slow and cumbersome. Also there will be a lack of innovation, and goods will be of a poor standard because effort will not be rewarded. A doctor could earn the same as a street cleaner, this wouldnt make seven years at medical school a very appealing optionSocialism oppresses many aspects of human nature which, however good or bad, make us the individuals that we are, these aspects could include; ambition, greed and generosity. A Mixed System For SocietyFor both Capitalism and Socialism the disadvantages far outweigh the advantages but they are the basis of most economic systems in the world. In the United Kingdom both theories have been used, Capitalism was about at the time of the Industrial Revolution as explained earlier, and aspects of Socialism could be seen at the time of the second world war. At this time all people worked for the state in one way or another, whether it was fighting at the front-line or working in a factory to produce arms. Goods and services could be seen to be distributed fairly, this was done using ration books. This form of socialism was successful because everyone believed in the same cause, and that was winning the war. Since the war the Government has still kept a lot of control but the opportunity for entrepreneurship is available. The economy in the United Kingdom is, as far as I can see, the only way a society can flourish. The Government tax people but provide, health care, infrastructure, education and welfare as well as owning certain industries to keep some form of economic planning available to them. However recently the Government has sold off a lot of nationalised industries and this has allowed for more competition and moves the economy in to a more Capitalist state. ConclusionIn a Capitalist society there is great suffering because of the great inequality but in a Socialist society it seems that, even though the idea of everyone living equally in harmony is appealing, the fact of the matter is that the only equality that people will share is the equality of no choice and oppression. True Socialism can never work in any society because it is human nature to want mare than you have and to strive to achieve this. Countries that say they are socialist seem to me to be more of a dictatorship. A true mix between the two must be achieved to sustain a healthy economy and a happy society. Summary of Pages 65-74, A Nation of Immigrants: An Overview of the Economic and Political Conditions of Selected Racial and Ethnic Groups. The North American economic development has seen several stages of development. The first stage of economic development was a plantation-slave economy mixed with mercantilism, the second stage of development was a competitive industrial economy, and the stage third stage of economic development is multinational capitalism. Economic institution and related governmental actions have formed the tides of migration and the resulting patterns of immigrant adjustment. The original groups of inhabitants in North America were Native Americans. These Native people lost much of their land and many of their lives to the vicious European invasions. Many groups of immigrants came to America, yet each group had left their native country for various reasons and under various circumstances. Some immigrant groups entered America as slaves, others came to work at lo w paying labor jobs, and some came as entrepreneurs. These various groups were discriminated against at varying level, depending on the resources the group brought with them. Those immigrants who made the journey to America on their own freewill with economic resources found that it was much easier to find good jobs than those immigrants with less than such freewill and resources. Small business opportunities unfortunately were not available for most immigrants. The waves of immigrant migration to the North America are highlighted in phases. With phase one came English colonists from the 1600s to the 1800s. The English created colonies and forced land from the native people. The English also established a form of capitalism. During this same time Africans were seized from their native lands and were shipped to America involuntarily in the form of property, to be used as slave labor. Also, phase one brought an era in which Irish Catholics immigrated to America, driven from their nati ve land from the 1830s to the 1860s, due to famine, oppression, and poor living conditions. These Irish immigrants were able to obtain low wage jobs. Phase two began with the immigration of Chinese people from the 1850s to the 1870s; these people came due to recruitment efforts by the United States and in hope of obtaining better living conditions. The Chinese became employed mostly in construction, and menial service jobs. The Italians arrived between the 1880s and the 1910s. The Italian people were recruited for construction and other related low wage labor jobs. The Japanese immigrants came to live in Western America after migrating from their land to Hawaii from the 1880s to the 1900s. The Japanese people had also been recruited as laborers. The third phase of immigration to the United States began with the Mexican people from the 1910s to the 1990s, due to labor shortages from Europe and Asia. The Puerto Rican people started arriving in the 1940s and continue to arrive into the 1990s. These people accessed labor jobs in farms and jobs in blue-collar occupations. Recent Asian and Caribbean groups started arriving in the 1960s to the 1990s, mostly as political refuges, and also for political reasons. Commercial capitalism and the slave society were the effect of the East Coast colonial expansion of English land. The early economy was derived of a combination of enterprises under English rule and independent entrepreneurs. Included in this system was Slave plantations. The goal of English colonial settlement was to secure raw goods and markets for English products. In England merchants invested in the colonial industries. Other people from Europe began to immigrate into the colonies with the hope of becoming small farmers. In the colonies there were two types of major production, small farms, and plantations and merchants. From the 1600s to the mid 1800s African people were used for slave labor in colonial plantations. Around the time of 1860 there were as m any as 3.9 million slaves in the united States due to a strong demand for their labor. The Southerners in the United States had held nearly all political and economic power in the government until the end of the civil war, which granted the Northern Industrialists the majority of governmental power in the United States. In the Northern Industrial society and in small farms immigrants from Ireland, Germany and Scandinavia were among those in the labor force. These Europeans had been recruited from their countries, and they had also left for other reasons such as famine, political and economic problems and the hope of a better life. The immigration of Europeans laid the foundation of patterns of racial conflict. The African people that were now free from slavery began working as low wage laborers for entrepreneurs. In some cases African Americans were used as strikebreakers, which raised racial pressure even more. Eventually African workers began losing their jobs to arriving immigran ts from Europe. The English had oppressed the Irish people in their native land but after a few generations in America were considered part of the white dominant race. Western expansion brought the loss of many Native and Mexican peoples land, not to mention the horrendous loss of lives. The white people felt that that these races should be subordinates to them. The Mexican people did not altogether migrate to the United States their land was brought into the United States as a result of the victory over Mexico in the Mexican-American war. After the civil war the Industrial capitalistic economy bloomed, large enterprises began to take over the major economy. As industrialism grew Asian workers were recruited for labor from China and Japan. The United States victory in The Spanish-American war had granted the United States annexation Puerto Rico, the Philippines, and Cuba. Many people from these countries immigrated into the United States mainland. The actions that were taken by the government had an influence on racial and ethnic relations. One action that effected racial and ethnic relations was the Homestead Act, which granted land to many people but made it difficult for African Americans to get such land. For the most part, African families were not given the opportunity built up their wealth. The newly rebuilt South had a need for low wage workers and mostly the now free slaves performed these jobs. This, in effect, kept the African Americans in the South where it was difficult if not impossible for them to gain wealth. The moving of African Americans to the cities is similar to that of the transition of European immigrants. Eventually the African people should be able to move up on an economic level, as did the European settlers. This argument is challenged because Europeans had, had greater group mobility. Among the most mobile groups are the Jewish people. The African Americans that had moved to the North were losing their jobs to the recent arriving E uropean immigrants. African American migrants were subject to much more racial discrimination than their white European counterparts. Also, during this time racial tensions were increasing due to economic competition between European and African groups, which led to hostility and discrimination toward the African Americans from the European Americans. Modern Mexican immigrants came after WWI and immense industrialization had brought a decrease in the number of laborers available. Mexican workers migrated to the United States to fulfill these new labor needs. International corporations have been the major influence on U.S. politics and the economy since the 1920s. When the depression hit African and Latino Americans struggled because white people took over many of the low wage jobs. After WWII the United States began to dominate the world economy, for many decades. During this time many white Americans moved to the suburbs of major cities and traveled to the city for employment, whil e most of the subordinates lived in the inner city. This separated the two groups and brought them further apart from each other. Until the 1960s discriminatory quotas against Asians had limited the number Asian immigrants. When the quotas were lifted the United States received many new Asian immigrants from China, Korea, the Philippines, and Vietnam. These Asians generally migrated to the United States in hope for better opportunities. Many immigrants from Cuba arrived after Fidel Castro came to power. Most of the Cubans were considered political refuges and were accepted by the U.S. government. During this time many Haitian refugees came to the United States, but were treated differently than the Cuban refugees because the Cubans had been fleeing a communist government, because of the U.S. opposition to communism. Many groups of immigrants still enter the United States for the same reasons that Europeans and other groups entered the United States. Among the new immigrants Mexicans make up a large portion of undocumented immigrants. The decline of European immigrants to the U.S. has brought an increase in Asian and Latino immigration. Native-born Americans have considered these new immigrants a problem and therefore immigration restrictions have been placed on these groups. The Latino and Asian population is steady growing throughout the United States and in some areas the majority of the population is or soon will be made up of people of color. As these people grow in population they will press for equal treatment and political, social, and economic opportunities. This introduction has examined the economic and political ways in which people have immigrated to the United States and how that immigration has been adjusted. It has been suggested that several factors effect a groups economic and political success including time of arrival and the amount of resources brought with them upon migration. A greater understanding to the rivers of migrations into the Un ited States requires analysis of political and economic aspects as well as group mobility. The government and its subsequent actions have shaped the way in which migration has occurred and also has shaped the ethnic and racial relations between groups, and has also effected the distinct development of cultures. Analysis, problems, and Remedies. After analysis it is my belief that the modern problems concerning racial and ethnic groups do stem from the authors reasons, such as political and economic conditions, time of arrival and reason for migration. I feel that there is a stigma that has resulted from these past experiences that people of color are inferior to the white race. I feel that the relations between different ethnic groups have been very poor in the past and do still remain poor in many areas. I also feel though, that it is important to see how far ethnic relations have positively improved in modern America. I for see that an egalitarian society is in the near future for the United States, but it will not happen over night and it will take a lot of work on the part of modern American society. I feel that the way, in which an egalitarian society will become a reality in America, is through education of all Americans about all other Americans, interaction between all ethnicitiys in a positive atmosphere, and finally the removal of all stereotypes, stigmas, oppression, discrimination, and labels. With this the people of America can share this great land in peace and with a degree of harmony. Of Mice And Men Essay ThesisBusiness

Toad and rat dissection practical report free essay sample

A rat and a cane toad were dissected to compare their similarities and differences in anatomy structure. 2. Newspaper was laid out under the dissecting trays. 3. The external features of each animal was investigated and notes were collected. 4. The internal features of each animal were investigated and notes were collected. 5. Dissecting materials were placed into a container of Dettol. 6. The rat and toad were wrapped up into the newspaper and discarded in the bin. 7. Tables and aprons were sprayed and wiped down. Results – Include your table of observed notes (primary data), any diagrams or photos. Discussion: †¢Discuss the similarities and differences of the anatomy of the rat and the toad. This should include a discussion about size/colour/shape of external and internal features (this section is written using primary and secondary data making reference to your results section). †¢Investigate and discuss comparative embryology making links to how these two animals have evolved from a common ancestor. We will write a custom essay sample on Toad and rat dissection practical report or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page †¢Investigate and discuss comparative anatomy with reference to the pentdactyl limb discussed in class this term. †¢Investigate and discuss how each animal has evolved through adaptations to be best suited to their natural habitat or environment. Conclusion: a concise summary paragraph about what has been learnt and explained in your discussion. Bibliography: Class notes and dissections (please refer to the diary for the correct formatting of these references) Secondary data sightings Appendix: if you wish to include internal images from the internet of your animals these would be included as an appendix rather than placed in your result or discussion sections of the report. They would be referred to as Appendix 1, Appendix 2 and be mentioned in your discussion text.